【田豐】唐以前甜心寶貝一包養網圣人觀念史研討

【Abstract】

Confucius highlighted his virtue and meaning based on his definition of wisdom and wisdom. He explained the meaning of the sage based on the positions of his respective schools and emphasized the sage’s connotations. Both Confucius, Mencius and Xunzhang advocated not only to prevent the past from being transformed, but also to blindly seeking changes in the world rather than being unable to the saints. They gradually established a complete saint abstraction that was recognized by later generations. This combination of “King Official Learning” and “Hundred Schools of Thoughts” developed in Western Han Dynasty into a Gongyang School that used Confucius’ “Year” as the new king’s legislation. In ancient Chinese studies, Confucius was regarded as the inheritor and guardian of “King Officials”. The meaning of historians has suppressed the sages and sages. For thousands of times, they all followed the Zhou Wen system. The Southern Dynastics emphasized the difference between saints and ordinary people and heavenly purity. The Northern Dynastic Confucians had the meaning of ancient Chinese scholars. According to the “Zhou Rong”, they determined the political scale of the Northern Zhou Dynasty for a generation, and were later learned from the Sui and Tang Dynasties and opened up a generation of chaos. With the emergence of the Taoist sect in the Middle Tang Dynasty, the confidence of “everyone can be a sacred person” has gradually become great, and the standard of sacred gradually departs from the way of the king and becomes the evidence of Kung Fu seal. This change can not only promote the constant cautiousness and fear of the good path, but also form empty and madness and lead to the discussion of the saints in the streets. In addition, Confucius in the Tang Dynasty, from the sacrificial sacred tree-stand and perfection, also provided a real-level understanding angle for the changes in the concepts of the sages.

[Keywords]

Sages, Wang Guanxue, “Year”, School, Taoism

Introduction

By tracing the changes in the concepts of saints before the Tang Dynasty and their interaction with real politics, it seems that one question can be answered: Why is there no saints in China since Confucius. This problem seems unrelated at first, and it is actually touching and meaningful, so it must be explained in advance.

Zi Cheng said: “From a hundred generations, no one can do anything wrong with the kings of a hundred generations. Bao Hui Since his life has been approaching, there has never been a master.” (Mencius·Part 1 of Gongsun Chou) Mencius said: “Confucius’s collection of great achievements. The collection of great achievements is the sound of gold and jade. …The first reason is the matter of wisdom; the final reason is the matter of saints.” (Mencius·Wanzhang 2) Yuan Wuzong wrote: “The person who was saint before Confucius was saints without Confucius’ wisdom. Later Confucius was saints without Confucius’ law.” [①] A modern scholar, Liu Wenzheng, said: “Since the civilization of thousands of years before Confucius, it was sacred for Confucius, and it was sacred for thousands of years since Confucius”[②]. These classical expressions of Confucius from ancient times to the present are all expressing Confucius’ unique position in Chinese history. To put it seriously, since Confucius, there are only saints (Yanzi or Mencius), and no saint comes out, those who practice Confucius are not saints. This also implies Confucius’ specialty. On the other hand, becoming a saint is the highest state in the fantasy of Confucian scholars since Mencius, especially in the Taoist school of Song and Ming Dynasty, it has become the most basic principle of learning: “Learning must be like a saint after all. It is believed that to know people but not the heaven, and seek to be a saint rather than a saint, which is the great hidden master of learning since Qin and Han” [③].

However, when we stand looking back at Taoism tomorrow, confusion will also appear: If the Taoism in Tang Dynasty is as Zhu Xi said, is not clear about, and it is all scattered, then why did the Taoism in the Northern Song Dynasty be brilliant and clear, and the students are tirelessly seeking to become saints, but in the past thousand years, no one except a few proud madmen have been able to become saints? Everyone can be a silence. As long as it is just about being able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to In the famous Zhu Chen’s opinion, it was also because the sage is the middle of the Taoist sect, that Zhu Xi’s judgment on the inability to do not exist today in Taoism for thousands of years. In addition, the Taoist sect that the “Monk of the Death of the Path and the Dao cannot be passed down” was broken in history, and the 1,500-year Taoism described by Wang Ba, had not only traveled to the Liuhe area in one day. This is not only the importance of Taoists on history, but also for almost all scholars and officials since the Song Dynasty, this is also a “historical fact.” Of course, the so-called “historical facts” are definitely not true, but must be constantly reshaped, overturned and reformed in humanities history. After Confucius was no longer saint, this kind of “historical fact” under the perspective of the predecessors, especially Confucians after the Song Dynasty, is not so self-evident for us tomorrow, but requires thinking and resolute conflict. The task completed in this article is to observe from the perspective of thinking about history and thinking about history, and then provide a historic description and explanation.

1. Age—A wise and wise saint

The modern classical consideration of the meaning of the word “sage” comes from the teacher of the teacher, Jianjian, who believed that from the perspective of the origin of the word, the meaning of the word “sage” was very simple in the end, but it was clearThe meaning of human beings; from the perspective of writing, the word “安” in bronze inscriptions is regarded as “安安”, which is a word of 殉安安, and adds “安” as the word of 殉安安, which means “安安安安安安” or “安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安安The connotation of the saint’s wisdom and wisdom can be obtained from seals in many classics in the pre-Qin period. It is several of them for academic definitions, which is not detailed [⑤]. In short, the word “Saint” did not seem to have the meaning of being superior to later generations before Confucius [⑥], but being smart and wise is the basic quality that must be prepared in the view of later generations.

In Confucius, the sage has already had a very high personality state: “What is benevolence? I must be a saint! I have a traitor and ambitious” (“Say·Yongye”), “I can’t see the sage; if I can see the r